Nekupasiswa kweInflation Reduction Act, iyo inosanganisira mabhiriyoni mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe emadhora muzvirongwa zvemamiriro ekunze uye simba, nyanzvi dzezvemitemo dziri kufanotaura nezvekuwedzera kunoshamisa mukugadzirwa kwesimba rakachena. Mhepo yemumhenderekedzo yegungwa inzvimbo yakavimbika yekukura.
Nhasi, kune mapurazi maviri emhepo ari kushanda ari kunze kwemahombekombe muUnited States pedyo neRhode Island neVirginia, ane huwandu hwakabatanidzwa hwe42 megawatts. Kana tichienzanisa, Traverse Wind Center itsva muOklahoma ine 356 turbines uye 998 megawatts emagetsi ekugadzira. Asi pachine akawanda mapurojekiti ari mukusimudzira, kunyanya pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic.
Hutongi hweBiden hwaona nzvimbo mbiri dzekusimudzira mhepo muGulf yeMexico kusvika parizvino dzakanyatsotsanangurwa kugadzirwa kwemafuta negesi. Sechikamu chehurongwa hwake hwemamiriro ekunze, Mutungamiri Joe Biden akaisa chinangwa chekuendesa makumi matatu gigawatts (30,000 megawatts) yemhepo yemhepo yekumahombekombe panosvika 2030 - inokwana kupa simba dzimba dzinosvika gumi nemagetsi asina kabhoni.
Sevatsvagiri vesimba muTexas, tinoona ichi sechikamu chitsva chinonakidza mukuenderera mberi kwenyika yedu shanduko yekuchenesa simba. Isu tinotenda simba remhepo kubva kumahombekombe muGulf yeMexico rinomiririra mukana wakasarudzika wenzvimbo ino ine vashandi vakasimba uye simba rekuvaka rekubatsira kusangana nenharaunda yekuda yakavimbika, yakaderera kabhoni simba.
Yakaiswa huwandu muna 2021 mune megawatts. (Graphic: The Conversation/CC-BY-ND, kunobva: Global Wind Energy Council)
Sei uchienda kumahombekombe? Simba remhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa rakura zvakanyanya muUS mukati memakore gumi nemashanu apfuura, kusanganisira muTexas, nyika huru inogadzira simba remhepo. Kureruka kwekubvumidza nekutsvaga simba remhepo, mitengo yekuisa inokwanisika, kuwanda kwezviwanikwa, mafuta emahara, uye kuderera kwemari yekushandisa kunoderedza mutengo wemagetsi kune vatengi. Simba remhepo rinodzivirira kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakakosha, kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse uye kutonhorera kwemvura inobuda zvine chekuita nemagetsi emagetsi ari kushanda pamarasha, oiri kana gasi rechisikigo.
Asi mhepo yemugungwa inewo zvimhingamupinyi zvayo. Mhepo inowanzoita isina simba panguva yekupisa kwezhizha apo ma air conditioners anenge achishanda kuti vanhu vatonhore. Mazhinji enzvimbo dzakanakisa simba remhepo ari kure nenzvimbo dzinodiwa magetsi. Semuenzaniso, mazhinji emapurazi emhepo mudunhu reLone Star ari munzvimbo dzakakwirira kumadokero kweTexas uye akavakwa mushure mekunge nyika yashandisa mabhiriyoni ekuvaka mitsara yekufambisa nzendo refu kuti iwane simba kwayaidiwa.
Mazhinji emapurazi emhepo akanakisa emuUS (nzvimbo dzebhuruu dzakasvibira) dziri kure nenharaunda dzemahombekombe, asi maguta aya anogona kushandirwa nemapurazi emhepo. (Kwakabva: NREL)
Simba rezuva nemabhatiri zvinogona kugadzirisa mamwe ematambudziko aya. Asi kugadzirwa kwemagetsi ekumahombekombe kunewo zvakawanda zvakanaka.
Sezvinongoita mhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa inoderedza mutengo wemagetsi kune vatengi, mhepo yekunze inotarisirwa kuita zvimwe chete.
Neinopfuura hafu yevagari vemuUS vanogara mukati me50 mamaira kumahombekombe, mapurazi emhepo ekumahombekombe ari pedyo nenzvimbo dzinodiwa magetsi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika muGulf yeMexico, uko maguta makuru akadai seHouston neNew Orleans anowanikwa, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvepetrochemical uye zviteshi. Panzvimbo pekuisa mazana emamaira ewaya dzepamusoro uye kukakavadzana kunozoguma kwaita uye nekushandiswa kwevhu, makambani emagetsi anogona kushandisa tambo dzepasi pemvura kuunza simba remhepo kunzvimbo dzeindasitiri.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mhepo yegungwa inozadzisa mhepo yenyika. Pazuva rinopisa rezhizha, kumhanya kwemhepo kumadokero kweTexas kwakadzikira uye mhepo dzemugungwa dzakasimuka zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichibatsira kusangana nepamusoro pechirimo chinodiwa uye kuvandudza kuvimbika kwetiweki.
Musika wepasi rose wemagetsi ekumahombekombe emhepo watosimba, asi kusvika parizvino US yaive isipo. Kuwanda kwenyika kuno kwakurudzira kukura kwesimba remhepo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa, asi kwakaderedza kupinda kwevanhu mumvura.
Izvi zviri kuchinja semitemo yemidziyo yakasimba mumatunhu makuru emhepo akadai seIowa inodzika chinhambwe chinogona kuiswa maturbine, kuwedzera mari yekuvaka uye kudzikisira kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo dzinogamuchirwa. Izvo zvipingaidzo zvemagetsi eUS magetsi grid zviri kuitawo kuti zviome kuunza simba remhepo kumusika.
Tikugashirei kuGulf, imi mese munoonga maitiro aya, uye pamwe nerutsigiro rwakawedzerwa rwesimba remhepo kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa muClimate Act, zvinoita sekunge simba remhepo rekuUS rekumahombekombe rakazogadzirira zera regoridhe. Isu tinoona Gulf yeMexico senzvimbo inonyanya kukwezva kuita bhizinesi.
Iyo bay kudzika kushoma, tembiricha yakakwira uye masaisai akadzikama zvinogoneka kana zvichienzaniswa nechando uye nehutsinye mamiriro eNorth Sea, North Atlantic nemahombekombe eJapan, uko simba remhepo kubva kumahombekombe rakatotanga. Mvura yakadzika inosvika 160 tsoka - pari zvino kudzika kwepamusoro-soro kwemhepo-yakadzika-pasi-inotambanudzira ingangoita 90 mamaira kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweTexas nemhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kweLouisiana, neNantucket neMartha's Vineyard kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwemakiromita makumi mana chete.
Iyo yepasi pemvura topography yebay inoratidzwa nemateru akapfava uye akapfava kupfuura nzvimbo dzakatofungidzirwa kuti dzisimudzirwe mumhenderekedzo yeVirginia. Izvi zvinoreva kuti ma turbines emhepo akagadziriswa-pasi anogona kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda kupfuura masisitimu anoyangarara, zvichideredza kuoma.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Gulf Coast ine indasitiri yakasimba yekumahombekombe inoshandira vanogadzira oiri uye gasi uye makambani mazhinji akasarudzika anopa masevhisi akadai sewelding yepasi pemvura, kugadzirwa kwepuratifomu, uye helikopta uye masevhisi ezvikepe kutakura vanhu nemidziyo kuenda kugungwa. Muna 2019, kugadzirwa kweoiri uye gasi muGulf yeMexico kwakapa mabasa anosvika mazana matatu nemakumi mana neshanu.
Mapurazi emhepo muPersian Gulf anogona kushandisa zvivakwa zviripo. Kune angangoita mamaira 1,200 etambo dzepasi pemvura dzinogona kuendesa simba remhepo kumahombekombe. Simba remhepo rinogonawo kubatanidzwa mune yakakura simba sisitimu iyo inosanganisira yegirinhi hydrogen kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedza, pamwe nekutora kabhoni.
Kutsigira Vashandi uye Vanhu Vanotambura Isu tinotenda zvakare kuti simba remhepo remugungwa rinogona kubatsira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvekururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza. Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi anochenesa uye asina kabhoni kuchabatsira kutsiva mafekitari anonatsa uye mafekitari anogadzira uye kugadzira magetsi kubva mumafuta ezvicherwa. Zvivakwa izvi zvakakonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kuhutano hwemaguta akaita seHouston nenharaunda dzemavara muUnited States.
Kuvandudzwa kwesimba remhepo muGulf kunopawo mukana wekushandura kwakatsetseka kwevashandi sezvo United States inoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma kuvimba kwayo nemafuta efosi. Louisiana yatanga kugadzira mirau yemhepo yekumhiri kwemakungwa mumvura yenyika uye iri kutsvaga mari yemubatanidzwa neArkansas neOklahoma kuti imise nzvimbo yakachena yehydrogen.
Green zvinoreva kuti mvumo yepurojekiti yesimba remubatanidzwa inononoka, uye mapurojekiti emhepo mumvura yemubatanidzwa anogona kutora makore kuti apedze. Asi mapurojekiti ari mumvura yenyika - anosvika matatu mamaira kubva kumahombekombe munzvimbo zhinji uye mamaira mapfumbamwe kubva kumahombekombe muTexas - anogona kupedzwa nekukurumidza.
Zvakawanda zvinoenderana nekuti simba renyika dzakaita seTexas neLouisiana dzinoona mukana wekuwedzera mukurumbira wavo sevatungamiriri vemasimba kune simba remhepo rekumahombekombe. Sezvataona, kuwedzera kwesimba remhepo kubva kumhenderekedzo yegungwa muPersian Gulf kuchabatsira nharaunda yacho, nyika yacho, uye mamiriro okunze epasi rose.
Munyori Michael E. Webber purofesa wesimba paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin, akazvipira kumakore zana aJosie.
Hugh Daigle ishamwari yePurofesa wePetroleum neGeosystems Engineering paYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-20-2022
